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Apremilast: mechanisms of its therapeutic effect in osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis (OA) is often mistakenly viewed as simple ‘wear-and-tear’ disease. However, it is now recognized as a complex, chronic disease involving low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and damage to cartilage and the underlying bone. This destructive cycle is driven by pro-inflammatory signals, primarily proteins called cytokines (like IL-17 […]
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What is ulcerative colitis and how is it treated? Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, relapsing and remitting condition that predominantly affects the large bowel. Some people with moderate or severely active ulcerative colitis require advanced therapy in the form of biological or small-molecule drugs (called advanced therapies) to maintain control of their symptoms. What advanced […]
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Background of the study Breast cancer is increasingly diagnosed in older women (aged ≥70 years), a group of patients not often included in clinical trials. Treatment guidelines, based mainly on younger patients, do not fully account for the complex needs of older people, like the presence of multiple health conditions (comorbidities) and overall frailty. Hormone […]
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Background Children frequently experience allergic diseases, which may range from mild conditions to more severe diseases that may negatively affect their quality of life. In many paediatric allergic reactions, histamine causes allergyrelated symptoms, for example, itching, sneezing, hives and swelling. Antihistamine drugs are medications that relieve allergy symptoms by blocking the action of histamine, and […]
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Mild upper respiratory tract infections (MURTIs), sometimes incorrectly termed the ‘common cold’, are caused by viruses and affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. Symptoms often include sore throat, congestion, sneezing, headache, fatigue and cough, typically starting staggered but quickly progressing to a peak where multiple symptoms are present. Though generally self-limiting (resolving on their […]